In a study of 574 women, higher breakfast energy intake in evening (E-types) is associated with lower blood pressure.
E-type individuals showed a linear association between higher breakfast energy intake and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Afternoon energy intake was linked to lower body mass index (BMI) and levels in E-type women.
U-shaped relationships were observed between breakfast intake and systolic blood pressure, and between afternoon intake and BMI and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
Higher dinner energy intake correlated with greater BMI in both intermediate and E-type individuals.
An extended eating window was associated with higher fasting blood glucose in E-types compared to morning chronotypes (M-types).
Simplified
BACKGROUND: Although prior studies have examined meal timing and health, few have considered the impact of individual and diurnal preference. This study explored how meal distribution and chronotype-morning (M-type) versus evening (E-type)- are associated with cardiometabolic health.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 574 women in Tehran, Iran. Dietary intake was assessed through three 24-hour recalls and chronotype was determined via the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. Cardiometabolic markers-including blood pressure (BP), glucose, lipids, insulin, and (hs-CRP)-were measured.
RESULTS: In E-type individuals, higher breakfast energy intake was linearly associated with lower systolic [β 95% CI, -0.03 (-0.05-0.01)] and diastolic BP [-0.01 (-0.04-0.003)]. Afternoon energy intake was associated with lower BMI [-0.02 (-0.04-0.001)] and hs-CRP [-0.001 (-0.002-0.0006)] in E-type women. Additionally, U-shaped associations were found between breakfast intake and systolic BP (turning point: 23% of (TEI)), and between afternoon intake and BMI (13% TEI) and hs-CRP (12% TEI). In contrast, higher dinner energy intake was linearly associated with greater BMI in the intermediate [-0.01 (-0.02-0.002)] and E-type group [0.05 (0.0030.09)], respectively. Eating window was associated with higher fasting blood glucose [0.001 (0.0020.003)] in E-type vs. M-type individuals. to to to to to to to
CONCLUSION: Aligning energy intake with wake-up time-rather than delaying meals-may benefit evening chronotypes prone to circadian misalignment. Moderate breakfast and afternoon intake, with lower dinner intake, was related to better cardiometabolic health. Accordingly, longitudinal studies are advocated.
Key numbers
1780.74 kcal/day
()
Average energy intake among E-type individuals.
-0.03
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Reduction
Change in SBP per unit increase in breakfast energy intake.
-0.01
Body Mass Index (BMI) Reduction
Change in BMI per unit increase in afternoon energy intake.
Full Text
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Declarations. Ethical approval: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences—Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty (IR.IAU.REC.1403.487), and conducted according to Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines. All participants provided written informed consent before taking part in the study. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
