Is time of eating associated with BMI and obesity? A population-based study

Dec 11, 2023European journal of nutrition

Eating time linked to body weight and obesity in a large population

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Abstract

Late meal intake is positively associated with higher BMI and obesity in a sample of 21,020 Brazilian adults.

First and last food intake times, as well as the eating midpoint, were positively associated with BMI values.
Calories consumed after 21:00 h and 22:00 h also showed positive associations with BMI.
Individuals in the highest tertile for first food intake time had a higher likelihood of excess weight and obesity.
Similar higher odds for excess weight and obesity were observed for those with late last food intake and later eating midpoints.
Energy intake after 21:00 h was linked to increased odds of excess weight and obesity.

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PURPOSE: Time-related eating patterns have been associated with metabolic and nutritional diseases such as obesity. However, there is a lack of representative studies on this subject. This study's aim was to assess the association between the timing of eating and obesity in a large and representative sample of the Brazilian adult population (POF 2008-2009 survey).

METHODS: Two days of adults' food diary (n = 21,020) were used to estimate tertiles of first and last meal intake times, eating midpoint, caloric midpoint time, and calories consumed from 18:00 h onwards. BMI was estimated and its values, as well as excess weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m) were used as outcomes. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were performed. 2 2

RESULTS: The first (β = 0.65, 95% CI 0.37-0.93) and last food intake time (β = 0.40, 95% CI 0.14-0.66), eating midpoint (β = 0.61, 95% CI 0.34-0.88) and calories consumed after 21:00 h (β = 0.74, 95% CI 0.32-1.16) and 22:00 h (β = 0.75, 95% CI 0.18-1.32) were positively associated with BMI. The likelihood of having excess weight or obesity was significantly higher in the third tertile of the first food intake time (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.13-1.45 and OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.13-1.58, respectively), last food intake time (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.03-1.32; and OR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.00-1.41, respectively), eating midpoint (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.13-1.45; and OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.14-1.59, respectively) and energy consumption after 21:00 h (OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.10-1.59).

CONCLUSION: Chrononutrition meal patterns indicative of late meal intake were significantly associated with high BMI, excess weight and obesity in the Brazilian population.

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Is time of eating associated with BMI and obesity? A population-based study

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