Circadian rhythms and gut microbiota Dysbiosis: emerging gut-brain axis pathways in insomnia pathophysiology and Therapeutics

Dec 2, 2025Brain, behavior, and immunity

Circadian rhythms and gut bacteria changes may affect sleep problems and treatments through gut-brain connections.

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Abstract

Gut microbiota (GM) could play a key role in sleep regulation and may influence insomnia.

Insomnia affects mental and physical health significantly.
GM dysbiosis is associated with lower microbial diversity and changes in important bacterial types.
Disruptions in circadian rhythms (CR) may worsen GM imbalances, leading to further sleep issues.
Certain probiotic strains have shown promise in improving sleep quality by affecting microbial metabolites.
Inconsistent results in clinical trials highlight the need for more precise treatments.
Integrating metagenomics and personalized medicine may enhance GM-targeted therapies for insomnia.

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Insomnia, a widespread sleep disorder, significantly impacts mental and physical health. Emerging research highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota (GM) in modulating circadian rhythms (CR), which regulate sleep-wake cycles. This review explores the interplay between GM dysbiosis, CR disruptions, and insomnia, synthesizing findings from human and animal studies. GM dysbiosis is linked to reduced microbial diversity and altered abundance of key taxa, such as short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, which influence clock gene expression and hormonal rhythms. CR disruption exacerbates GM imbalances, forming a feedback loop that impairs sleep regulation through both central and peripheral pathways. We also examine the therapeutic potential of probiotics in restoring GM balance and synchronizing CR. Clinical trials suggest that specific probiotic strains improve sleep quality by modulating microbial metabolites and their downstream effects on the circadian system. However, inconsistencies in outcomes underscore the need for precision interventions. The review concludes by identifying gaps in the current literature, emphasizing the necessity of integrative approaches combining metagenomics and personalized medicine to optimize GM-targeted therapies. These insights pave the way for novel, safer, and more effective strategies to manage insomnia by addressing its biological underpinnings.

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Circadian rhythms and gut microbiota Dysbiosis: emerging gut-brain axis pathways in insomnia pathophysiology and Therapeutics

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